Post Vedic period,myriad of deities were worshiped, overlooking the fact the core of the Vedic teaching that defines Reality as One without attributes,Nirguna Brahman.
However, realizing that the human Mind can not operate and concentrate on mere abstractions, the Vedas have also hinted at worship of Individual Gods..
And there are two broad classifications of all the Vedic teaching .
One is Karma Kanda,path of Action as explained in the Brahmanas..
The other one is Gnana Kanda, which emphasizes Knowledge as a path of salvation, Path of Knowledge, as detailed in the Upanishads.
People started leaning more towards the karma kanda and this was carried to the extreme by the Mimamsa system of Indian Philosophy.
The Mimamsa believed only in Karma, or action.
In the process they lost sight of the Ultimate Reality through Gyana ,knowledge.
Performance of rituals reigned supreme with dedication to many Gods.
This led to distortion of Vedic thought and the number of deities became countless.
People ere confused whom to worship because of the presence of numerous deities.
This confused state paved the way for the advent of Buddhism and Jainism and Hinduism was losing ground.
Adi Shankaracharya sorted out this confusion and established Six systems of worship,Shanmataha.
For details on this please read my Post Six systems of worship Shankaracharya.
They are,
Ganapathya, worship of Ganesha, Ganapati,
Saura, of Surya, the Sun,
Saktha, of Devi,
Saiva, of Shiva,
Vaishnava, of Vishnu and
Kaumaram , of Subrahmanya.
Tantik sects of these six deities are also there.
Ganapathya is devoted to Lord Ganesha, Protector and Remover of obstacles.
There are various forms of Ganapati.
Please read my posts on these.
One such form is Haridra(Turmeric) Ganapathi.
Turmeric is a symbol of prosperity and auspiciousness.
Ganesha is worshiped by making an image of him by hand and perform Pooja to him in any function before going ahead.
There is an interesting anecdote in the Vinayaka Puran,
Haridra Ganapati, folio from the Sritattvanidhi (
Goddess Parvati created Him with the turmeric she applied to her body while bathing and ordained that worship of Ganapathi in the form of turmeric is most aust auspicious.
Worship of Ganapathi was done by making an image of Him with foams of the Sea by Lord Shiva, during his battle with Tripurantaka.
Haridra Ganapathi worship is essentially a tantrik practice, though one can perform this pooja in a normal manner.
Haridra Ganapati (Sanskrit: हरिद्रा-गणपति, Haridrā-gaṇapati, literally “turmeric Ganesha”) is an aspect of the Hindu God Ganesha(Ganapati).
Haridra Ganapati is also known as Ratri Ganapati.
Haridra Ganapati is depicted as yellow like turmeric and wears yellow garments.
He is one of the most popular thirty-two forms of Ganesha
(Please check my post on this).
He is described as having three eyes. He sits on a golden throne. He is yellow-complexioned like turmeric and also wears yellow clothes. He has four arms and carries a pasha (noose), an ankusha (elephant goad), a modaka (sweet) and the danta (his own broken tusk) in his four hands. He draws his devotees closer by the noose, while goads them in the right direction by the ankusha.(Refer Niyotsava and the Mantra-maharnava)
Haridra Ganapati has six arms and sits on a jewelled throne, in addition to his yellow colour and yellow vestments. His three right hands hold the ankusha and display the krodha-mudra (the gesture of anger) and abhayamudra (the gesture of protection). His left hands carry the pasha, a parashu (battle-axe) and displays the varadamudra (gesture of Granting Boons) -refer The Dakshinamnaya.
Haridra Ganapati is described as turmeric-colored and flanked by two unnamed wives
(Ajitagama)
‘
Haridra Ganapati is worshipped for wealth and well-being.
He is also described to protect his devotees.
Haridra Ganapati is the patron of the Haridra Ganapatya sect.
The Haridra Ganapati followers consider him as leader of all deities including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva.
Worshipping Haridra Ganapati is believed to grant moksha(emancipation).
These sectarians used to brand by iron the head of Ganesha and his tusk on their palms.
Haridra Ganapati is a Tantric form of Ganesha. Special mantras and yantras are used in his worship.
Rituals involving his worship generally are performed to fulfill material objectives, especially gaining boons related to sexuality.
He is also associated with six rituals of abhichara (uses of spells for malevolent purposes) by which the adept can cause the target to suffer delusions, be overcome with irresistible attraction or envy, or to be enslaved, paralysed or killed.
Lord Ganesha Cult was present throughout the world.
I had written on,
Red Ganesha in Australia,
Ganeshaya Namah inscription in Azerbaijan,
Dwimukha Ganapati, Two faced Ganesha
Atlantis people were the descendants of Shiva, Ganesha and Subrahmanya,
Golden Ganesha idol was unearthed in Kuwait,
Ganesha’s mount, Mooshika was considered as a flying Machine y the Incas and there are paintings on this.
There is a temple for Haridra Ganapati in Thailand,
There is a view, a sound one at that Dwimukha Ganapti ws worshiped as Janus by the Romans,
I had written the Italian connection to Hinduism , in various articles including the one on aerial view of Vatican, being identical with Shiva Linga with Avudaiyar(Peeta)
Janus.
Janus, Roman God.
‘In ancient Roman religion and myth, Janus (/ˈdʒeɪnəs/; Latin: Ianus, pronounced [ˈjaː.nus]) is the god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, doorways, passages, and endings. He is usually depicted as having two faces, since he looks to the future and to the past. It is conventionally thought that the month of January is named for Janus (Ianuarius), but according to ancient Roman farmers’ almanacsJuno was the tutelary deity of the month.
Janus presided over the beginning and ending of conflict, and hence war and peace. The doors of his temple were open in time of war, and closed to mark the peace. As a god of transitions, he had functions pertaining to birth and to journeys and exchange, and in his association with Portunus, a similar harbor and gateway god, he was concerned with travelling, trading and shipping.
Janus had no flamen or specialised priest (sacerdos) assigned to him, but the King of the Sacred Rites (rex sacrorum) himself carried out his ceremonies. Janus had a ubiquitous presence in religious ceremonies throughout the year, and was ritually invoked at the beginning of each one, regardless of the main deity honored on any particular occasion.’
Note the similarities between Ganesha and Janus.
Both are given the first place in worship.
No special priest is required to perform Pooja for both
Both are associated with travel.
We worship Ganesha before travel and there is a custom to break the coconut at the beginning or during the Journey.
Many of you would have noticed luxury Bus drivers and heavy vehicle drivers breaking coconut in a roadside Ganesha temple.
‘anus frequently symbolized change and transitions such as the progress of future to past, from one condition to another, from one vision to another, and young people’s growth to adulthood. He represented time, because he could see into the past with one face and into the future with the other.. Hence, Janus was worshipped at the beginnings of the harvest and planting times, as well as at marriages, deaths and other beginnings. He represented the middle ground between barbarism and civilization, rural and urban space, youth and adulthood. Having jurisdiction over beginnings Janus had an intrinsic association with omens and auspices’
All these are being the process of Gnapati worship.
Latin Verse on Janus.
Carmen Saliare
As may be expected the opening verses of the Carmen, are devoted to honouring Janus, thence were named versus ianuli. Paul the Deacon mentions the versus ianuli, iovii, iunonii, minervii. Only part of the versus ianuli and two of the iovii are preserved.
The manuscript has:
(paragraph 26): “cozeulodorieso. omia ũo adpatula coemisse./ ian cusianes duonus ceruses. dun; ianusue uet põmelios eum recum“;
(paragraph 27): “diuum êpta cante diuum deo supplicante.” “ianitos“.
Many reconstructions have been proposed: they vary widely in dubious points and are all tentative, nonetheless one can identify with certainty some epithets:
Diuum eum patrem (or partem) cante, diuum deo supplicate.
ianitos.
The epithets that can be identified are: Cozeuios, i.e. Conseuius the Sower, which opens the carmen and is attested as an old form of Consivius in Tertullian; Patultius: the Opener; Iancus or Ianeus: the Gatekeeper; Duonus Cerus: the Good Creator; rex king (potissimum melios eum recum: the most powerful and best of kings); diuum patrem (partem):father of the gods (or part of the gods); diuum deus: god of the gods; ianitos: the Janitor, Gatekeeper.’
All are the Attributes of Ganesha.
I may add that Jaanu is a term for Ears, Ganesha’s ear being huge(elephant’s)
Janus in Ganesha.
In 1806 Sir William Jones drew a close comparison between a particular form of Ganesha, known as Dwimukhi-Ganesha, and Janus, the two-headed Roman god. Jones felt the resemblance between Dwimukhi-Ganesha and Janus was so strong that he referred to Ganesha as the “Janus of India.” The Dwimukhi-Ganesha form is a very unusual depiction in which Ganesha is shown with the head of an elephant looking toward his right and a human head at his left. It was possessed of four arms. Nagar says that the Dwimukhi-Ganesha form was associated with the region around Bombay.
There was no clear claim by Jones either that Ganesha was worshipped by the Romans or how Janus could have evolved from Ganesha as a prototype (or vice versa). Another early 19th century Indologist, Edward Moor, repeated the speculation by Jones, helping to keep the Janus idea alive Moor expanded the claims of an association based on functional grounds, noting that Janus, like Ganesha, was invoked at the beginning of undertakings, a liminal god who was the guardian of gates. Moor made various other speculations on the connection between Janus and Ganesha. These fanciful connections proposed by early Indologists no longer appear in modern academic reviews of Ganesha’s history.
Ganesha is represented as having anywhere from one to five heads, so depictions with two heads are not reliable evidence of a connection with Janus. Representations of Ganesha with two heads are uncommon, and according to Nagar, textual references to the adoration of Ganesha with two heads are difficult to trace. There are no other examples of two-headed forms in which one head is human other than the Dwimukhi-Ganesha form. In the thirty-two mediation forms of Ganesha that are described in theSritattvanidhi only one has two heads (Dwimukhi Ganapati, the Ganapati with two faces), and both of those are heads of elephants, like all the other forms described.
I have been writing on Mantras for solving problems, like Finance, delayed marriage, for begetting children,health issues,Psychological disorders,warding off the effects of Black magic……
I have also written on Mantras for spiritual progress.
On daily pooja Mantras , Anushtans, special Poojas ,Veda Mantras and Sukthas .
Readers who follow these mantras report that these have worked and they are getting the desired results.
Especially Sashti vrata for begetting children.
As on date six people out of seven have conceived.
Another is cure for Autism.
Readers report marked improvement in the afflicted.
Results of these mantras for financial issues and insomnia are encouraging.
However there is an aspect to be mentioned here.
Some reported seeing images. Hearing sounds,the mantra running at the back of their minds constantly.
One has reported that he was able to cure fever if he touches the patient during the period he was chanting the Mantra.
These need some explanation.
All mantras are to be performed in the manner prescribed and no deviation is allowed.
If the mantras are being followed as per laid down procedure, one may hear sounds, have visions.If one follows Devi Mantra one is likely to hear the tinkling of Anklet bells or bell. These symptoms are indicative that the Mantra procedure is being followed correctly. And during this period one may develop some powers like the ability to cure.One should not be taken in by these, but concentrate in continuing the .Mantra. These are the side effects of the Mantra.
One should not be side tracked by these.
This will hamper spiritual growth.
Mantras have kavchas, Angnnyas, Karanyas.
Recite them before proceeding to Mantra.
Mantras are mystically locked sounds and as such are to be followed carefully.
The other one is the result of chanting the mantra incorrectly or not following the procedure.
The symptoms may be head ache, back pain, burning sensation in the body.
In such cases one must ensure the procedures for the Mantra and everything will become alright. No use in going to a Doctor.
Many people who follow Yoga and Meditation suffer from head ache, neck pain, Spondulitis, back pain and at times,breathing difficulty.
The reason is Yoga is not a physical exercise and it is a spiritual effort.
There are Yogis who took 15 years to practice it.
There are eight steps in Yoga.
Jumping to Pranayama, Asanas and meditation are harmful.
I shall be writing on this based on Patanjali.
Do not be taken In the self styled Yogis and Gurus, who, if the have realized or perfected Yoga would not advertise the fact and charge you.
For Mantras one is to offer Dakshina which is voluntary as Vidya is not to be taken free of cost.
Nor Guru should demand.
*Please read my articles on Japa, Stotr, Parayana.
Ancient India had a well structured society with social responsibilities demarcated clearly.
While the King was responsible was defending the borders, external affairs, judicial appellate authority,the spiritual side was looked after by the Brahmins, and trade by group called Vaisyas.
One must remember this practice was common to the Tamils and Sanatana Dharma.
I am mentioning this as there is misinformation that Tamil and Sanatan Dharma were inimical to each other.
I had written how untrue this is.
The business people formed themselves into a Group /corporation on All India Level, without borders.
This Business corporation was called ,in Tamil,திசை வணிகர் ஐந்நூற்றுவர், meaning ‘the Five Hundred Business Group for All Directions(East, South, West and North)
They traveled throughout India and abroad in pursuit of Business.
They contributed to the Kingdom, at times of war, food and other materials free of cost to the forces.
Considering the facts that,
Ramayana refers to Cookes’ Island, New Zealand in detail,
Agastya is found in New Zealand legends and
Sanatana Dharma/Tamil practices re found among the aborigines of New Zealand ,
it is not surprising to find that an ancient religious bell belonging to Muslim trader from Nagappatinam,Tamil Nadu, is found in New Zealand.
What is more intriguing is that if trade had taken place, the poeple with whom they trded with!
New Zealand .
Sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that would later become New Zealand, and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer, became the first European to sight New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the British Crown and Māori Chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, making New Zealand a British colony. Today, the majority of New Zealand’s population of 4.7 million is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders.(wiki)
Yet the traders from Tamil Nadu transacted business there.
Obviously New Zealand had well structured society to trade with.
Am checking this.
Tamil Bell in New Zealand
‘
The subject of this communication is a bronze bell, 166 mm high and 153 mm in diameter, carrying an inscription in ancient Tamil characters. The lower part of the lip or skirt was cracked off at an unknown date, which may have decreased the height by 40 or 60 mm. Since 1890, the bell has been in the possession of the Dominion Museum at Wellington, the gift or bequest of William Colenso, 1 who had found the bell in a Maori village. How it reached New Zealand is a mystery which has intrigued many scholars. Apart from the possibility that the bell was taken to New Zealand by Europeans after 1800, there are at least two theories, one by the author, and the other more recently proposed by the writer Robert Langdon. 2 Perhaps the earliest reference to the bell was by John Crawfurd in 1867. 3 I am indebted to the director and officers of the Dominion Museum for personal communications on the subject of the bell.
Discovery
William Colenso says that he found Maoris using the bell as a cooking pot in a village which he thought had not previously been visited by Europeans. The date was thought to have been 1836 or 1837 (the most recent estimate given is 1840). The village was either “near Whangarei” or “in the interior of the North Island”. The Maoris told Colenso that the bell had been found in the roots of a large tree which had been blown over in a storm many years before. It appears to me possible that the use of the bell as a cooking pot, with the resultant changes of temperature, may have caused the lip to crack off. Presumably the bell had been hidden under the tree for a long period. As the inscription (see below) tells us that it is a ship’s bell, I presume that the ship which owned it was probably wrecked on the west coast. It has been thought that a section of wreckage, of teak timber with trenails, could have been the Tamil ship which carried the bell, but this wreckage has since been connected with H.M.S. Orpheus wrecked on the Manukau Bar in 1863. There is little chance of finding a wreck with evidence of Tamil origin, especially as such a ship would have been wrecked about 500 years ago.
Inscription
As the inscription is the vital clue for the story of the bell, it will be described in some detail. The inscription, which does not run right around the bell, has been protected by flanges running above and below the lettering, which explains why it is still in almost “mint” condition. Instead of the letters being cut into the bronze after casing, they protrude from the surface as though they had been added later. – 478 Some of the letters appear to show file marks, and where they should have rectangular form they are made with curved lines like the rest of the lettering. Another variation from standard Tamil writing is that four letters which should carry dots over them are left without them. Reading from left to right, there are 24 letters in all, forming six or seven words. The first 11 letters form the name of the ship’s owner, in two or possibly three words; the remaining 13 letters relate to the ship and the bell itself.
The inscription suggests that the owner was a Moslem Tamil, probably from one of the well-known ship-owning families based on the port of Nagapattam on the eastern coast of Tamiland in south-east India. As the owner’s name was probably an Arabic one, in accord with his religion, the founder of the bell would have had difficulty in converting it from the Arabic alphabet into Tamil letters. Arabic writing consists of consonants only, while Tamil writing has a syllabary rather than an alphabet….
My own attempt at translation was made possible by the excellent photographs provided by the Dominion Museum, and the advice of two leading experts on the script, Mr D. Yesudhas, M.A., of the Scott Christian College at Nagercoil, and Mr R. Raneer Selvam of the Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies at Copenhagen, Denmark. Both of these experts dated the script on the bell between 1400 and 1500; Langdon 4 quotes Professor Visvanathan’s estimate as 400 to 500 years before 1940, i.e. 1440-1540. Mr Selvam also provided some information about the ship-owning Tamils of the Moslem faith who were engaged in the Arab trade routes in that period. He suspected that the owner’s first name may have been derived from Tamil words meaning “an owner of wooden ships”.
In the transliteration which follows, the inscription is divided into two parts. The first line in each case is a copy of the Tamil characters on the bell; the second line is the modern Tamil equivalent, and the third line is the most likely equivalent in European letters:
FIGURE 1
The two identical words in the lower line, “Utaiya”, mean “owning” or “possessing”; “Kappal” means “ship” and “Mani” means “bell”. The upper line, being the owner’s name, has been translated by various authorities through the years as “Mohammet Buks”, “Hohoyiden Buks”, “Muhideen Bhakshi” and “Moha Din Buksh”. My own preferred translation is “Mohaideen Bakhsh”, with a second possibility as “Moha Din Bakhsh”. The full inscription therefore can be read “Bell of the Ship of Mohaideen Bakhsh”. The date of casting can be placed at c.1450.”
The concept of Trading and economic thought in the word is reported to he evolved during Renaissance.
However ancient trade flourished.
Of the ancient countries/regions it is generally attributed to Sumerians,Greeks, Romans Chinese and later to Chanakya, who was Political Professor at Takshasila University.
Facts point otherwise.
Early Vedic people had developed Business systems and they traded with Yavanas(Greeks) and The Tamil Kings.
They have imported horses from Arabia., spices, elephants from The Dravida Kings/ Tamils.
So much so, Arabia was named as Aravasthan, Land of Horses.
Vedas speak of getting spices and Sandalwood from Dravidas.
Ramayana and Mahabharata speak in the same vein.
One may notice that the Sumerian, Greek and other civilizations came later than the period of Vedas and Ithihasas,Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Marco Polo Travel Route,Tamil Inscription in China
Extensive trading is not possible without business systems and practices.
These were in place in India during ancient times and the concept of Righteousness and Ethics in Business was emphasized.
There was no separate Ethics for business.
Righteousness was the Norm, the same, in all walks of Life.
Manu speaks of Dharma in Business.
Ancient India recognized the importance of Trade and assigned special place for the group engaged in Business.
They were called Vaisyas.
The trading groups engaged in business through out the world.
Though the references in the Vedas and the Ithihasas are scanty about the business activities of the people, Tamil Literature provide a graphic description.
Salient points.
1.The Tamils had a business corporation, consisted of businessmen who traded within India and abroad.
2.The group was called Thisai vanigar Einootruvar, 5oo traders who trade throughout the world.
This reference to 500 appears around 9th century AD.
However there is another, generally accepted group is called Thisai vanigar Aayirathu Einootruvar, that is 1500 people.
The reference is found in Silappadikaram, a Tamil Classic.
The main port was Poompuhar, near Myladuthurai, Tamil Nadu.
Excavations made in the site date the site some 20,000 years ago.
Please read my article on this.
3. It interesting to note that the 500 group was operating not only in Tamil Nadu but in Vatapi ( Karnataka) , Chalukya Kingdom and in what is now AndhracPradesh, India.
Inscriptions at Aihole, Karnataka and at Anilamai in Cuddapah in Andhra Pradesh.
4. Some Brahmins were also a part of this group at Aihole.
5. This group was called ‘ Aihole enumbaaru Swamigalu’ in Kannada; as Veera Balija in Telugu.
Baliga in Coastal Karnataka might be a form of this word
6. This 500 group had their own security apparatus.
It was called Veera Valanjiyaru.
7. The group worshiped Valanjiya Religion an off shoot of Shiva worship.
They worshiped Nagareswara.
The Nattuukkottai Nagarthar Business community may owe its name to this deity.
8.Some of these traders had been warriors
They were called Mummuri Thandas.
Kurugodu ( Bellary, Karnataka) inscriptions speak of this.
9.Excavations in Kollam Kerala., Visakapattinam,Andhra, Thanjavur Big Temple , in Burma, Thailand,West Sumatra, Indonesia confirm these facts.
10. Nattukkottai Nagarathar belong to this 500 group.
11.Silppdikaram and Jeevka Chintmni, two of the great Epics of the Tamils, describe the streets where the merchandise are sold;women were also running the business.
This information on the business group is found in Piranmalai temple epigraphy(Siva Ganga District, Tamil Nadu)
References
A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.120
A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.120
A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.120
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii and p.181
Peranakan Indians of Singapore and Melaka: Indian Babas and Nonyas–Chitty Melaka, by Samuel Dhoraisingam, p.3
A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121
A History of India, by Burton Stein, p. 126
A History of India, by Burton Stein and David Arnold, p.121
Art of South India, Andhra Pradesh, by B. Rajendra Prasad, p.85
Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 100, by SS Shashi, p.86
Studies in economic and social conditions of medieval Andhra, by K.Sundaram, p.69-76
Hindu and Muslim religious institutions, Andhra Desa, 1300-1600, by Ravula Soma Reddy, p.110
The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore), Volume 82, p.88-91
A study of the history and culture of the Andhras, Volume 2, by Kambhampati Satyanarayana, p.52
Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S.Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
Brahma sri: Researches in archaeology, history, and culture in the new millennium : Dr. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry felicitation volume, Volume 1, p.169
A study of the history and culture of the Andhras, Volume 2, by Kambhampati Satyanarayana, p.125
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.163
As is the case with all Perception, be it sight,touch or smell.
Whether they have their existence other than being perceived by us is a great philosophical question and this issue is the reason for various ‘isms’
Idealism, Empiricism,Rationalism,Pragmatism and Logical Positivism.
For more on this please read my post Perception.
Now to Sound.
It exists in Nature and some sounds instill Fear, some serenity.
Thunder instils fearvwhile the slapping of the waves soothes.
Sounds by Nature has qualities inherent in them.
Sound, ,according to Science,is produced because of Vibration/Resonance.
There is also a view that Sound produces Resonance..
One may never know.
Hinduism assigns important position to Sound.
Universe is in Constant Motion and consequently Sound is present since The Universe was born.
In Hindu thought, the Universe is Eternal and so is Sound.
Sound coexists with Universe.
Sound has Rhythm and Scale.
Nadha is Sound and its Rhythm is Nature.
It is described as an Attribute of Reality in the Upanishads.
Reality is described as Nadha Brahman.
Sound is different from Ether or Akasa
Akasa is the carrier of Energy including Sound.
Akasa is the energy source.
Article on Akasa, Energy source, Hinduism and Quantum follows.
Sound is grasped intuitively and remembered mentally.
Sound as grasped from Ehter directly by the Rishis are known as Mantra.
These are mystical.
When we attempt to write the sound, it may not convey the sound grasped.
Language is born of Sound and not the other way.
Hence Mantras, including the Vedas, were transmitted orally.
Vedas, the Scripture of Hindus are to be leant bt Hearning and not by writing or Reading.
The intonation is to be perfect.
When people started using the method of writing the grasped sounds, Mantras, were expressed through alphabets,in Hinduism Sanskrit.
Sanskrit produces the near perfect intonaton of the sound, as an attribute of Reality and hence Sanskrit is called the language of Gods, Deva Basha.
There are different types of Mantras.
1. Mantras one follows as enjoined in the Vedas and by Family traditions as a part of daily activity.
2. This type is to ward off or tide over or get relief from a specific problem.
3. The Mantra for spiritual development.
The first one is mandatory, without which all the other Mantras would not yield better results.That is the reason it is insisted that at least Sandhyavandan is performed daily for the Mantras to deliver results
The second one that is the one used for a specific issue becomes of no use once the problem is resolved.
Preferable one learns Mantras through hearing.
However there are also written forms.
The letters in Sanskrit are called Aksharas, meaning limitless.
The combination of letters, Aksharas locked mystically become Mantras.
There are two types of Aksharas.
One is the letters is a Mantra and the other is
the Root letter to which are bound the other letters of a Mantra.
This Root letter is called Beejakshara and it is held as a secret.
For Mantras to be efective one need not know the Beejaksharas.
Powerful slokascand Mantras deliver results because the Beejaksharas are embedded in them.
Soundaryalahari by Adi Shankaracharya contains 51 Aksharas of Devi embedded secretly in the slokas.
Mantrass should be initiated by a Guru.
In exceptional cases one can take the Mantra worshipping Family Deity and keepingShiva/Subrahmanya/Krishna as Guru.
Mantras are not to be translated.
Nor should one divulge the Mantra or thecreason for reciting it to others.
‘The bija mantras of the main chakras are given in the following table:
———————————————————
Mantras Chakra Physical location
—————————————–
Lam Mooladhara Perineum
Vam Swadhisthana Base of the spine
Ram Manipura Navel centre
Yam Anahata Heart centre
Ham Vishudhi Throat
Om Ajna Eyebrow centre
———————————————————–
Chakra Beej Mantras
A, Aa, E, Ee, O, Oo etc are all vowels and are spoken with sounds that come from within i.e: stomach, buzzing in the ear, nasal tones, tongue rolling etc. each of which stimulates one part of the body or other thereby corresponding to a chakra.
Chakras have different tones and move and different frequencies, the root being the slowest and most dense to Ajna or third eye chakra being the fastest . The beej mantra or single seed syllable of the chakra balances the chakra and thereby purifies it.
There are many paths prescribed in Hinduism to Realise the Self or God.
Four paths are provided.
The Path of Knowledge, Gyana Yoga,
Path of Action, Karma Yoga,
Path of Discipling the Mind, Raja Yoga and
The Path of absolute Devotion, Bhakti Yoga.
Whatever path one chooses one has to use his sense organs and mind.
and
these perform actions with our knowledge or unknowingly and these actions beget results which resultb in the cycle of birth and death, the cause of misery.
So Hinduism dedicates everything to Reality or personal God.
One such Prayer which is popular is the Kayena vacha addressed to Lord Narayana
Please check my earlier post on this.
There is another sloka dedicated to Lord Shiva on similar,if not identical to Kayena Vacha Sloka.
It is Kara Charana sloka addressed to Shiva.
Here it is with meaning.
करचरण कृतं वाक्कायजं कर्मजं वा ।श्रवणनयनजं वा मानसं वापराधं ।
1: Whatever Sins have been Committed by Actions Performed by my Hands and Feet, Produced by my Speech and Body, Or my Works,
2: Produced by my Ears and Eyes, Or Sins Committed by my Mind (i.e. Thoughts),
3: While Performing Actions which are Prescribed (i.e. duties prescribed by tradition or allotted duties in one’s station of life), As Well as All other Actions which are Not explicitly Prescribed (i.e. actions done by self-judgement, by mere habit, without much thinking, unknowingly etc); Please Forgive Them All,
4: Victory, Victory to You, O Sri Mahadeva Shambho, I Surrender to You, You are an Ocean of Compassion.
History of the world,studied in conjunction with the History of Sanatana Dharma is interesting.
Rama’s Horoscope
It shows a wealth of evidence that Sanatana Dharma was present throughout the world and is the forerunner of world civilizations, be it Europe,Asia,Americas,Australia…
Rama Lakshmana and Sita. Image from Museo Civico Archeologico in Bologna, Italy.
I have posted articles on the Vedic links to
Iran,
Iraq,
Sumeria,
Mayan,
Egyptian,
Polynesian,
Roman,
Christian, and
European civilizations.
And the aerial view of Vatican resembles Shiv Linga(please check my article on this)
Vatican a Shiva temple
I am looking into the links between Sanatana Dharma and Minoan Civilisation.
I have some information Linking the pre roman, pre christian to Vedic civilization.
Etruscan civilisation existed around 8 century 2 BC in Italy and is believed to have ruled the whole of Italy.
But very little information is available about them.
One of the reasons, like what christianity has done to African Religion, is the systematic obliteration of the Etruscan civilisation and its history by the Romans.
“Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to a civilization of ancient Italy. Its homeland was in the area of central Italy, just north of Rome, which is today called Tuscany.
The Sanatana link to the present civilizations is not visible directly as except Sanatan Dharma all other civilizations that existed between Santana Dharma and the present civilizations have disappeared.
If one digs patiently and traces history of these lost civilizations, one would find that the root of world civilizations is Sanatana Dharma.
My articles deal with these facts.
Now information on Rome and Italy.
‘assussanni a form of the Sanskrit asva-sani meaning ‘horse trainer’,
aika wartanna meaning one turn (cf. Vedic Sanskrit ek vartanam),
tera wartanna meaning three turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit tri vartanam),
panza wartanna meaning five turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit panca vartanam),
satta wartanna meaning seven turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit sapta vartanam), and
navartanna meaning nine turns (cf. Vedic Sanskrit nava vartanam).
[Regrettably, writers do not mention the Old Iranian equivalents.]
I have come across information that Rome was founded on Rama Navami Day, the Birth Day of Lord Rama.
‘According to tradition, on April 21, 753 B.C., Romulus and his twin brother, Remus, found Rome on the site where they were suckled by a she-wolf as orphaned infants. Actually, the Romulus and Remus myth originated sometime in the fourth century B.C., and the exact date of Rome’s founding was set by the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro in the first century B.C.
“On this day the Romans keep a festival which they call the birthday of the city. At this feast, originally, we are told, they sacrificed nothing that has life, but thought it right to keep the anniversary of the birth of the city pure and unpolluted by blood.” (page 38, Chapter XII)( Plutarch’s Lives, Volume 1 )
Plutarch cites Lucius Taroutius Firmanus, a Roman astrologer, in reference to the founding date of April 21st:
“Rome was founded by him on the ninth day of the month Pharmouthi, between the second and third hour; for it is supposed that the fortunes of cities, as well as those of men, have their certain periods which can be discovered by the position of the stars at their nativities.” (pg. 39, Plutarch’s Lives, Volume 1, Chapter XII)
Much like the astrological/astronomical fixing of holy dates in the Hindu lunar calendar, ancient Europeans and Middle Eastern cultures (i.e. Egypt) used similar principles when describing and setting specific historical dates. They meticulously noted down the exact position of stars and other astronomical bodies in the sky, at least during special circumstances. One such time was the founding day of Roma, the eternal city whose fortunes were prefixed by the astrological arrangement on Rama’s birthday. Pharmuthi in the Egyptian calendar corresponds to March-April in the Julian calendar and more importantly, Chaitra in the Vedic lunar calendar.
Hindus celebrate the birth of Rama on the ninth day of Chaitra, the first month in their lunar calendar. Since scholars recognize that the oldest Egyptian calendar must have been lunar as well, one can clearly see these congruent dates in Pharmuthi and Chaitra are no mere coincidence.
Indians worship the Sun God at the beginning of this day, as King Rama appeared in the Solar Dynasty (Surya-vansha), meaning he claims direct descent within the Sun God’s lineage. Hindu devotees customarily fast on this day, much like the Romans abstained from eating flesh. Legend has it that Lord Rama took birth at midday, and Hindus perform special prayers and make offerings into a ceremonial fire (homa) in the evening. Whether the Romans conducted more elaborate rituals similar to this, remains to be uncovered but is unknown. Given that Italy is about 3-4 hours behind India in the time zones, if Rome was founded in the morning, then it must have been around noon time (12 p.m.) in India, thereby coinciding with Rama’s time of birth. The Sanskrit word Para-Murthi, meaning Supreme Idol, may be the origin of the Egyptian Pharmuthi.
Plutarch himself essentially confirms this truth:
Romulus “consecrated his city, having fetched men from Etruria, who taught him how to perform it according to sacred rites and ceremonies, as though they were celebrating holy mysteries.” (pg. 38, Plutarch’s Lives, Volume 1, Chapter XI)
Little Rama.
We know that Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus – twins suckled by an Etruscan she-wolf. If you don’t know, just ask. These curious twins a dual origin – as dual like they were. First an Etruscan origin, but there is another. Which one? The investigation begins.
….Seek what their names mean, these wild children. First Remus – says good oldGaffiot?
Let’s have a look at his brother Romulus : the suffix -ulus is recognized, a diminutive which means little.Romulus, Little Rom. Or LittleRam? Really good old Rama left living traces of his passage everywhere – traces still visible today in our lexicons. Romulus is son of the god Rama, his name is quite simply Little Rama. Later, when Romulus has founded Rome, the Etruscan tribe Ramnes or Ramnensès became his army. Ram Nes, those of Ram. Note also that Rome – or rather Roma – is the city of Rama.
Similarly Rom people, or Roms, are descendants of Rama and his clan. Throughout his progress towards far east, Ram founded cities where he left his faithful people – heirs of his blood and manners. They founded ramaïques lines, most of which are still recognizable today.
Whether Romulus was the son of Ram in the flesh or in the spirit, is hard to decide. Certainly many millennia have passed since the birth of Ram when Roma was founded.
This is a question that engages all religious thoughts.
Surrender sloka kayen vacha
Do we have Free Will to do anything?
Or everything is preordained?
In the latter case, one does not accumulate sins because everything is determined.
Equally baffling is the application of Free Will.
Simple analysis of the operation of Free Will in our Lives, without engaging ourselves about Free Will in philosophical terms, would show we are not free.
When we perform an action, choices presented to us are limited.
We do not have access to ALL options.
We act on the basis of choices presented to us at a given point of time.
Hence we have Free Will as well as we are Limited.
kāyena vācā manasendriyair vā
buddhyātmanā vānusṛta-svabhāvāt
karoti yad yat sakalaṁ parasmai
nārāyaṇāyeti samarpayet tat
Word for word:
kāyena — with the body; vācā — speech; manasā — mind; indriyaiḥ — senses; vā — or; buddhyā — with the intelligence; ātmanā — the purified consciousness; vā — or; anus ta — followed; svabhāvāt — according to one’s conditioned nature; karoti — one does; yat yat — whatever; sakalam — all; parasmai — to the Supreme;nārāyaṇāya iti — thinking, “This is for Nārāyaṇa”; samarpayet — he should offer; tat — that.
Translation:
In accordance with the particular nature one has acquired in conditioned life, whatever one does with body, words, mind, senses, intelligence or purified consciousness one should offer to the Supreme, thinking, “This is for the pleasure of Lord Nārāyaṇa.”
( Srimad Bhagvtham 11.2.36) explained by Rishaba to Nimi of Rama’s dynasty’
Sri Vaishnava sect (of which I’m a member) uses another verse called the Sattvika Tyaga for much the same purpose:
bhagavan eva svaniyamya sva-śeṣa-bhūtena maya
sva-ārādhana-eka-prayojanāya idam (name of the karma)
svasmai svaprītyai svayam eva karayati |
The auspicious deity, exerting control on himself, using me (his other part) as an instrument, himself effects , with his pleasure/ worship being the only purpose.
In the Bhagavad Gita, Arjuna tells Krishna,
‘You assert that the cycle of birth and death is because of one’s action and its repurcussions thereof.
If one were to desist from performing action, is he not freed from the results of action and its reactionKarma Phala?
Krishna replies,
‘ There is nothing in the world that is not Mine nor does anything take place withiut Me.
There is nothing I desire for everything is Mine.
Yet I am here performing Duties?
Why?
It is because of Swabhava, one’s disposition.
Once born , he is impelled by his disposition.
He can not escape from action, it may even be breathing.
Even that is an action and it attracts karma phala’ reaction.
So one is not free.
YET one is endowed with Buddhi, power of discrimination to choose from options available to him’
That’s it.
One has freedom to express himself , impelled by his disposition, which he can not avoid yet he has the choice to perform righteously.
The symbol of Swastika is quite old and is associated with Hinduism and later with Buddhism.
HINDUISM SWASTIKA AUSPICIOUS.
Swasthi is Sanskrit means well being.
The symbol is used during poojas even to day and one can find this symbol in many a temple.
7000 year old writing with Swastika.
The Swastika symbol is mystical in nature and is also associated with Tantric practices as a Tantic symbol and in some cases as a Yantra, a mode of worship through geometical patterns.
Swastika is used for auspiciousness and is used for such occasions.
Never is it used for inauspicious occasions.
Rig Veda has designs made after the Swastika.
Rig vedic Swastika mandala city is found in Arkaim , Russia.
Please read my article on this.
So it is evident that the Swastika was in vogue during Sanatana Dharma period in India.
Vedas are now dated 5000 years ago.
But the presence of Swastika around the world during Copper Age .
That is around 7000 years ago is confirmed by the archelogical find in Bulgaria. The Swastika was used by the Greeks, Nirdic Tribes and pre Christian Tectonic tribes as well.
This reinforces my theory and assertion that Sanatana Dharma was in Europe before the advent of the present Religions there.
Please read country wise details in this site by googling the country + hinduism/sanatana dharms +ramanan50
On Bulgarian connection to Sanatana Dharma please refer my article.
‘The word ‘swastika’ is a Sanskrit word (‘svasktika’) meaning ‘It is’, ‘Well Being’, ‘Good Existence, and ‘Good Luck’ […] In Buddhism, the swastika is a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, abundance and eternity. It is directly related to Buddha and can be found carved on statues on the soles of his feet and on his heart. It is said that it contains Buddha’s mind.”
-John Black.
‘
Chalcolithic (Aeneolithic, Copper Age) settlement found underneath the Ancient Roman road station Ad Putea near the town of Riben, Dolma Mitropoliya Municipality, Pleven District, in Northern Bulgaria.
However, Popov has revealed that the artifact features twopictographic signs, a swastika, and a group of other written signs.
In his words, 7,000 years ago, prehistoric ceramic vessels with written signs on them were used for religious rites and rituals.However, the decoding of the actual meaning of the writing is, of course, very difficult.
“These pictographs are codified information that was either transmitted among the people, or it was an attempt to transmit information from the [human] societies to the gods,” thearchaeologist has told the Bulgarian National Television.
“The settlement in question dates back to 5,000 BC, and goes back to a period of the Copper-Stone Age which was very long. TheCopper-Stone Age in the Balkans gave rise to a global civilizationwhich laid the foundations of everything that we can witness today,” he has added.
I have written a couple of articles on Mantras ,Mantra an Overview,Mantra side effects,Why many Mantras for the same problem in addition to Mantras for specific problems.
Mantra is pure sound which can not be transcribed.
The sounds are to be heard.
Mantras.
However Sanskrit Language has them in written form.
As these sounds are mystically locked, they are to be intoned correctly.
Mantras are of three genders.
Male, Female and Neuter.
Devi represents the feminine force. There are two beejas that represent Stri sakti – “ee” and “aa”. But more so, “ee”. Some of the names of Devi like Vamakshi refer directly to “ee” beeja. That is why Sri Suktam praises the mother as “eem”, apart from “sreem”. Sri Sukta is a part of RigVeda Khila, and not the core samhita. And unlike Samhita we can see the mantra sastra and beejas being directly mentioned.
As Saktas take pride in saying, “i” in “Siva” is said to be Devi, without who the Lord is a corpse. This follows directly from the beeja for Sakti being “ee”. This is also why Vaishnavas take pride in saying that worshiping Vishnu is equal to worshiping Devi and Siva together: Hara + “i” = Hari. However, both Hara, Hari seem to be derived from the Bhuvaneswari beeja “Hreem”.
Bhuvaneswari is the primal model of Sakta, with Vedic origin. She is the Aditi of Veda, the Mother of Aditya loka. This is also how She is a sibling of Vishnu/Aditya. Bhuvaneswari is the Mother and ruler of all the worlds. But by Bhuvaneswari beeja one means the one that corresponds to Aditya loka.
“Hreem” beeja can be found in the earliest of Vedic literature. Purusha Sukta of Rig Veda says “Hreesca te Lakshmeesca patnyau” – “hreem” and Lakshmi (sreem) are the wives of Purusha. Hreem is also called lajja beeja.
Shall write in detail.
Though there are general Mantra for prosperity, welfare,issue specific Mantras are to be decided based on the individual’s disposition, Swabhava analysed critically.
And this can be done by a Guru who would initiate and sets down procedures for chanting.
And Guru shall reach out to you if you are a passionate Seeker.
He shall not demand anything from you and will accept what you offer.
You need to offer to the Guru what you can for nothing should be accepted free it binds you in Karma.
Here I list some Beeja Mantras for academic information.
I shall be writing on the Beeja Mantras hidden in Mantras and Slokas including the Soundrylahari and Lalitha ahranma
Some beeja Mantras, however, may be chanted without guru but taking Subrahmanya/Shiva/Krishna as
Guru.
Some Beejaksharas
SHRIM [shreem]: feminine; Lakshmi; seed sound for abundance
EIM [I’m]: feminine; Saraswati; seed sound for success in spiritual, artistic and scientific endeavors, music and education
KLIM [kleem]: androgynous; seed sound for attraction; often combined with other mantras
DUM [doom]: feminine; seed sound for protection
KRIM [kreem]: feminine; Kali;seed sound of creation and destruction
GUM [gum]: masculine; Ganesha; seed sound to remove obstacles and bring success in endeavors
GLAUM [glah- owm]: masculine; Ganesha; seed sound to remove obstacles between throat and base of spine
HAUM [howm]: masculine; Shiva; seed sound for transcendental consciousness
KSHRAUM [ksh-roum]: masculine; Narasimha-Vishnu; seed sound to rid stubborn evil situations and release pent up energies
HRIM [hreem]: androgynous; seed sound for clarity and seeing through the illusions of reality
CHAKRA BIJA MANTRAS
LAM [lahm]: seed sound for Muladhara, or root, chakra
VAM [vahm]: seed sound for Swadhisthana, or sacral, chakra
RAM [rahm]: seed sound for Manipura, or solar plexus chakra
YAM [yahm]: seed sound for Anahata, or heart, chakra
HUM [hoom]: seed sound for Vishuddha,or throat, chakra
OM [ohm]: seed sound for Ajna, or third-eye, chakra
“The supreme absolute (Parabrahman) exists in the human being (jivatma) as Shabda Brahman, the absolute as sound. Mantras are not prayers and the relationship of the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, whether consonants or vowels, he says, point to the appearance of devata (divinity) in different forms. An uttered mantra is the manifestation of a more subtle sound while mantras themselves are forms of Kundalini. Mantras may be male, female or neutral. Female mantras are called Vidyas.
By Mantra the sought for (Sadhya) Devata appears, and by Siddhi therein is had vision of the three worlds. As the Mantra is in fact Devata, by practice thereof this is known. Not merely do the rhythmical vibrations of its sound regulate the unsteady vibrations of the sheaths of the worshipper, but therefrom the image of the Devata appears.” (op cit) Mantras are masculine (solar), feminine (lunar) or neuter. A female mantra is called a vidya, which means knowledge, while solar and neuter forms are called mantras. Mantras are only such if they were first revealed by a rishi or seer. Only then do they have life, according to the tradition. A mantra can only work if it is received from a guru who has, herself or himself, received it in an unbroken line from its first rishi. There are, however, exceptions to this, according to some tantras which prescribe methods of purification for mantras received in dream. And, according to Mahachinachara, the Kali mantra does not rely on the very elaborate rules usually found in the Tantras…
In describing mantras, the different tantrik texts always give their origin or rishi as well as the metre to pronounce them. While a mantra is divinity in sound form, a yantra is the same in geometrical form and an image the devata in gross form’
(Sir John Woodroffe’s collection of essays, Shakti and Shakta, chapter 24)
Vedic texts refer to there areas as Yavana, though it is normally taken s denoting the Greeks.
Yavanas are referred to in The Vedas,Mahabharata and Tami Literature speaks in detail about Yavanas.
The Great Tmail epic Silappdikarm, which is set in the background of Madurai and Poompuhar, called as Kaverippompattinam mentions that Yavanas hd a flourishing Trade with all the Tamil Kings, Chera, Chola and Pandyas.
The items exported to Rome /the area under which Romans ruled were,
Tigers of Four varieties,
Elephants,
Animal products,
Pearls,
Diamonds,
Pliny states that Nero paid one million sesterces for one cup of Emerakds from India!
Iron and Steel.
Spices.
Imported in India from Rome.
Gold,
Cotton,
Gold Coins,
Ornamental pieces like vases,
Horses.
The trade reached its peak during the period of Augustus and the Roman currency depreciated alarmingly.
During Augustus’s period ratio of Gold to 1:9.3 aureus, aureus being 25 Silver Dinari.
Because of the heavy import from India, the ratio became 1:96 during the period of Nero and this economic decline was one of the reasons for Rome’s .disintegration as an Empire.
‘The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, and Kautilya, a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300BC are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur’
Romans, because of the high volume of Trade settled in India in great numbers.
They had a colony for them Roman Colony. In Madurai.
As is the wont they even built a Temple for Augustus in Musiri.
Periplus mentions this.
Towns mentioned by Grrek Roman Historians.
Madurai,
Musiri,
Korkai,
Kanyakumari,
Uraiyur,
Poompuhar,
Kanchipuram,
Tondi,
Karur,
Point Calimere( kodiyakkarai)
Mahabalipuram.
I may add that Poompuhar is dated 20,000 years ago!
According to the Vishnu Purana and Harivamsa, Kalayavana was the son of a Brahmin named Ganga, and a Yavana princess. This legend appears to indicate an invasion from across the Himalayas, meaning one of the Central Asian, Middle Eastern or Ancient Greek provinces. After the invasion by combined forces of Jarasandha of Magadha, Kalayavan and their grand alliance, Krishna departed to build the city of Dvārakā amidst sea, transported all his people and left them there.
The legend goes like this: Lord Shri Krishna to save humanity from the evils of an yet another imminent battle with mighty Jarasandha flees Mathura [hence another name of Krishna, Ran-Chod Rai, one who fled war field] and moves his kingdom to newly builtDwarka. Kalayavan, who stood by Jarasandha chases Shri Krishna to Dwarka. Pretending to flee yet again from war field, Shri Krishna lures Kalayavana into the cave where the great king of Treta yuga, Muchukunda, one of the forefathers of Lord ShriRama was in a deep slumber of thousands of years after helping devas in an epic war with Asuras. Contemplating an absolutely undisturbed sleep he was given a boon that anyone who dared to disturb his sleep would get burnt to ashes immediately. Fast forward to Dwapara yuga, in the darkness deep inside the cave, Kalayavan mistakenly wakes up Muchukunda from his sleep, and sure to Muchukunda’s powers Kalayavan was decimated into ashes instantaneously with a fiery glance. And then Muchukunda was delighted to see Lord Shri Krisha there, who was none other than Lord Vishnu. Sri Krishna advises him to perform Tapas to cleanse the accumulated sins to attain Moksha (liberation). After meeting with lord, Muchukunda sets out of the cave. And the story narrates that he is astonished to see that all creatures had shrunken in size over time while he rested in cave, indicating long ages gone by. Muchukunda then goes north to Gandamadana Mountain and from there to Badrikashrama for doing penance and finally achieves liberation, the Moksha.
Kalayavana means a Black Greek/from Middle east.
Yavana is a term used from the Vedic times to denote Greeks,people from the middle east.
References to Yavana is found in ancient Tamil Literature , Vishnu Purana,HariVamsa and Silappadikarm in Tamil.
India imported horses from these areas and exported silk, Muslin,Diamonds, Emeralds ,Spices,Tigers, Elephants.
‘Experts say in the Edicts of Ashoka (c. 250 BCE) especially In the Gandhari Rock XIII : Antiochus is referred as “Amtiyoko nama Yona-raja” (lit. “The Greek king by the name of Antiochus”), beyond whom live the four other kings: “param ca tena Atiyokena cature 4 rajani Turamaye nama Amtikini nama Maka nama Alikasudaro nama” (lit. “And beyond Antiochus, four kings by the name of Ptolemy, the name of Antigonos, the name of Magas, the name Alexander”).
Dipavamsa , Mahavamsa and Sasanvamsa
Buddhist texts such as the Dipavamsa, Mahavamsa and the Sasanavamsa reveal that after the Third Buddhist Council, the elder (thera) Mahárakkhita was sent to the Yona country and he preached Dharma among the Yonas and the Kambojas.
Milindapanha
Another example is that of the Milinda Panha , where “Yonaka” is used to refer to king Menanders (160–135 BCE ) guards.
Mahabharata
The Vanaparava of Mahabharata contains verses in the form of prophecy complaining that “……Mlechha (barbaric) kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas etc. shall rule the earth (i.e India) un-righteously in Kaliyuga…” . This reference apparently alludes to chaotic political scenario following the collapse of dharmic dynasties in northern India and its subsequent occupation by non-dharmic hordes of the Yavanas, Kambojas, Sakas and Pahlavas etc.
Others
other Indian records describe the Yavana attacks on Saketa, Panchala, Mathura and Pataliputra, probably against the Sunga empire, and possibly in defense of Buddhism. The main mentions of the invasion are those by Patanjali around 150 BCE, and of the Yuga Purana, which, like the Mahabharata, also describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy:
Yavana in other cultures.
Egyptians used the word j-w-n(-n)-’
Assyrians used the word Iawanu
Persians used the word Yauna or Yavanu
Sri Lankans – used the word Yona in Mahawamsa and other historic texts.
In Biblical writings, the word was Yāvān (and still is, in modern Israeli Hebrew – יוון)
In Arabic and Turkish it is Yunan See Also Sanskrit Yoni
The history of Greece can be traced back to Stone Age hunters. Later came early farmers and thecivilizations of the Minoan and Mycenaean kings. This was followed by a period of wars and invasions, known as the Dark Ages. In about 1100 BC, a people called the Dorians invaded from the north and spread down the west coast. In the period from 500-336 BC Greece was divided into small city states, each of which consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside.
There were only a few historians in the time of Ancient Greece. Three major ancient historians, were able to record their time of Ancient Greek history, that include Herodotus, known as the ‘Father of History’ who travelled to many ancient historic sites at the time, Thucydides andXenophon.
Most other forms of History knowledge and accountability of the ancient Greeks we know is because of temples, sculpture, pottery, artefacts and other archaeological findings.
According to historians and archeological findings, the Neolithic Age in Greece lasted from 6800 to 3200 BC. The most domesticated settlements were in Near East of Greece. They traveled mainly due to overpopulation. These people introduced pottery and animal husbandry in Greece. They may as well have traveled via the route of Black sea into Thrace, which then further leads to Macedonia, Thessaly, Boeotia etc. The second way of traveling into Greece is from one island to another and such type of colonies has been found in Knossos and Kythnos..( http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/History/ )
There are attempts to distort history by saying that the term Yavana was derived from Ionia and that the term was not is use when the term was Yavana was coined.
Yavana is a name coined by the Vedic people with specific meaning and has no reference to Ionia for Ionia was named much later to the Vedic/Tamil Sangam period.
Obviously they could not have derived the term from Ionia.
To say that there was no Greek History then, is distortion of Facts s may be evidenced from the quote above.
Note that the predecessors to Greek civilistion,like the Minoans, were influenced by the Vedic civilization and Indian kings were ruling Minoans and there is also the Tamil connection.
One finds references to South India, called Dravida Desa during the Santana Dharma Period
There are references to in Tami literature and Sanskrit Texts, Vedas,Ramayan, Mahabharata,Eighteen Purans and in later Sanskrit and regional literary works.
Regional literature refers to Sanatana Dharma and Ithihsas in detail, e it Tamil, Telugu,Kannda,Bangla, Oriya.
Evidence abounds that a healthy trade between the people of the south and the north flourished since the Vedic period.
Now the question is how did these people communicate with each other in view of the fact that India has multiple languages and dialects.
‘According to Census of India of 2001, India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. However, figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in definition of the terms “language” and “dialect”. The 2001 Census recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people’ -wiki
Sanskrit is said to be oldest language being dated about 5000 years back.
( I had written this my not be correct and Sanskrit might be much older along with Tamil, an ancient language of India. million year old Tamil Site near Chennai ,Tamil Nadu with advanced Tamil civilization.And Tami quotes Vedas and Vedas in turn quote Tamil and Tamil Kings.Please read my articles on this)
The languages spoken in the south and even among the north indi differ.
Sanskrit is accepted in all the regions though!
Groups in India spoke different languages.
Yet they were in intimate contact with the Sanatana Dharma People whose language was Sanskrit.
Not all groups were familiar with Sanskrit.To compound the issue there was Vedic Sanskrit and Panini Sanskrit ( Ashtdhyayi)
‘
Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda to be the earliest. The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by oral tradition alone over several centuries before the introduction of writing, the oldest among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium .[citation needed]
The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 500 BCE. It is around this time thatSanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of the Classical period’
And Tamil a past of not less than 20,000 years at a conservative estimate..the excavation of Poompuhar confirms the date.please read my article on this.
There are references to the effect in Sanskrit Texts, Mahabharata and Ramayana to Tamils.
Udiyan Cheralathn, a Tamil King provided food to both the armies during the Mahabharata battle.
Shiva is considered to be the founder of Tamil language.
Agstya, Subrahmany are associated with Tamil intimately.
Lord Krishna and Arjun married Tamil Pandyan Princesses;Krishna had a daughter and had her married to a Pandyan prince.;Arjuna had a son from south.
Sahadeva went on a pilgrimage to south and Balarama came to south and worshiped Subrahmanya.and of course, Parshurma who founded the present Kerala State.
I can go on adding in this vein.
But the issue is, how did these people communicate with each other?
The common thread seems to be Brahmi.
Devimahatmya manuscript on palm-leaf, in an early Bhujimol script, Bihar or Nepal, 11th century,Variation of Brahmi
Brahmi (brāhmī) is the modern name given to one of the oldest writing systems used in South and Central Asia during the final centuries BCE and the early centuries CE. Like its contemporary, Kharoṣṭhī, which was used in what is now Afghanistanand Pakistan, it is an abugida.
The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to 250–232 BCE. The script was deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the East India Company.[1] The origin of the script is still much debated, with current Western academic opinion generally agreeing (with some exceptions) that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary Semitic scripts, but a current of opinion in India favors the idea that it is connected to the much older and as-yet undeciphered Indus script…
The Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, classified together as the Brahmic scripts. Dozens of modern scripts used across South Asia have descended from Brahmi, making it one of the world’s most influential writing traditions. One survey found 198 scripts that ultimately derive from it.
The script was associated with its own Brahmi numerals, which ultimately provided the graphic forms for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system now used through most of the world.’
Tamil Brahmi was discovered in Harappa and there is a Million year old Brahmi script found in Karnatka, Kannada Brahmi.
Brahmi script, though associated with Sanskrit was also used in other parts of India with local variations.
We have another,Brahui, spoken by Tamils and by the people of North Weaste India!
‘Brahui/brəˈhuːi/ (Brahui: براہوئی) is a Dravidian language spoken by the Brahui people in the central Balochistan region ofPakistan and Afghanistan, and by expatriate Brahui communities in Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, and Iran.It is isolated from the nearest Dravidian-speaking neighbour population of South India by a distance of more than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). Kalat,Mastung, and Khuzdar districts of Balochistan are predominantly Brahui-speaking.
Area where Dravidian languages are spoken,Brahui
Image credit.
By BishkekRocks – Base map template: demis.nl. Sorce for map data: Language families and branches, languages and dialects in A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Oxford University Press. New York 1992., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1593835
Tamil Chola King, ancestor of Rama, who built the Thiruvellarai Temple, near Sri Rangam, ruled from the present Pakistan region.
We have yet another common Link language,after the advent of Buddhism.
It is Pali .
Pali is the Middle Indo-Aryan language in which the Theravada Buddhist scriptures and commentaries are preserved. Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely.[citation needed] Pali shows signs of development from several underlying prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation.
The prakrit of the North-western area of India known as Gāndhāra has come to be called Gāndhārī. A few documents written in the Kharoṣṭhi script survive including a version of the Dhammapada.
Considering these facts it seems logical to conclude that .apart from Sanskrit, Prakrit,Brahui and Pali were used as common link languages of India since Vedic Times.
Once I got lost in Thiruvarur Temple and it took me bout 45 minutes to come out.
In Tiruchirapalli Fort temple of Ganesha, which also houses the temple of Lord Shiva Thayumanvar, often I get lost going round and round Thayumanvar Sannidhi, getting confused as to how to proceed towards the top.
In some temples directions are posted.
Even then it is confusing to find directions in big temples.
The architects of South Indian style of Temples have solved this in a unique fashion .
They have sculpted the directions to the Sanctum and way out, the Exit from there in the pillars of temples!
All the temples have stone pillars with exquisite carvings, some temples have 1000 Pillars Hall!
One can find the Sculptures of Yali, an animal in most of the pillars.
Though the West calls them s mythical creatures I do not subscribe to this view.
Makara,the Mount of Varuna, god of Water is also stated to be a Mythical creature.
This is also found in the temples.
This Mythical (?) creature was caught some time back in Vietnam and I have written on this with video.
Valmiki Ramayana describes Mammoths with four tusks and they have been validated by Archeo-biology. I have written on this as well.
Now to finding directions in the temples through sculptures of Yali.
Following is the Image of Yali Sculpture.
Yali Animal Sculpture. Tharasuaram
If you want to exit from the Sanctum, find the Yali Sculpture.
Follow the direction of the Yali with a straight tail.
You shall Exit.
If you want to enter the sanctum, find a Yali among the numerous Yalis in the entrance of the temple, with a twisted Trunk.
This shall led you to the Sanctum.
Scroll down for Video.
The Yali pillar marking the exit sign, is not twisted and does not make a ring. Straight Tail indicates Exit Sign.
Tharasuram
Yali with curved Trunks. Entrance route to Sanctum
Tharasuram
Yali.
‘Yali ([jaːɭi]; also known as Vyala or Vidala in Sanskrit) is a mythical creature seen in many Hindu temples, often sculpted onto the pillars. It may be portrayed as part lion, part elephant and part horse, and in similar shapes. Also, it has been sometimes described as a leogryph(part lion and part griffin), with some bird-like features.
Yali is a motif in Indian art and it has been widely used in south Indiansculpture.[]Descriptions of and references to yalis are very old, but they became prominent in south Indian sculpture in the 16th century. Yalis are believed to be more powerful than the lion/Tiger or the elephant’ ( Wiki).
Indians , contrary to what is being projected,, gave importance to finer emotions of Life.
Chitar FestivalMadurai
Hinduism is not all about asceticism and renunciation..
Yena Festival Nepal,Chariot procession
They have formulated the stages of Life one goes through based on his physical and emotional development.
Indras flag adopted
At the same time they also took into account the social structure into account.
The Stages of Life.
Brahmacharya,The stage of Studies, celibacy and inculcation of self discipline.
Gruhastha, Married Life, with duties laid down towards each other and to society.
Vanprastha,The stage when one reaches a stage in Life where one has discharged his family and social obligations and children are settled.One leaves the running of the family to his sons, and pursues the spiritual path.If one’s wife is willing to travel in this journey she is welcome.Otherwise she is in the care of her sons.One may retire to forests to contemplate.
Sanyas, the stage when one relinquishes everything and is totally engaged in self enquiry.
Each stage is provided with necessary structure to develop that stage .
Sanatana Dharma understood the human feeling ,emotions and imitations of Human Mind and human nature.
So it has provided alternate paths to realize God.One can choose what suits one the best.
Opportunities are provided for Love and marrigae.
Not all marriages , during Sanatana Dharma, were arranged one.
There are many type of marriages. set forth by Santna Dharma, one of them being Gandharva Vivaha, Love marriage.
However another ancient people of India Tamils, intricately connected with Sanatana Dharma, went a step further. Their marriage types are more detailed. Please my articles on these.
The Tamils have devoted n entire chapter for Love and the attendant issues in theier first Grammatical work, Tholkaapiyam.
It is called Kalavozhukkam,it details procedure to be followed, activities during courting.
It my of interest to note that women re given equal right in this process.
To facilitate Courtship and Love, the Tamils have dedicated a day of the Year.
This day is dedicated to Lord Indra, chief of Devas and also known for Love and enjoyment.
He is Bhogi, one who revels in pleasure .
Bhogi festival which precedes Tamil New Year is dedicated to him.
Tamils also fixed a day for revelry and courtship, when one finds his or her love,
This was called Indira Vizha, the festival for for Indra.
This was celebrated to bring in rains as Indra is the God of Thunder.
Failure to propitiate him by Yadavas resulted in a deluge and Lord Krishna had to lift the Govardhan Mountain to save the Yadavas.
When a Choza king stopped it, the harbour city of Kaveripumpattinam in Tamil Nadu was devoured by the sea..
This Festival the Indian Valentines Day was held on the Chitra Pournmi Day.
That is on the day the Nakshatra Chitra( Spica) and a Full Moon fall on the same day.
This is around May 10 of the Gregorian Calendar.
To allow for climate changes this is celebrated around is September 27 in Nepal
This is also the day of Buddha Pournima and Kurma Jayanthi
Unlike the west where Lovers’ day has been named after an individual( which again is open to doubt), the Tamils fixed it on a Celestial event!
Tamil Epics Silappadikaram and Manimekalai detail this festival.
Sangam Tamil literature refers to Indra (Pura Nanuru 182 and 241, Ainkuru. 62, Tirumurugu. 155-59 ) and Amruta (ambrosia of Indraloka) in a lot of places. Didactic books including Tirukkural also refer to Indra and Amruta.
‘
ainkuirunuru 62
இந்திர விழவில் பூவின் அன்ன
புன் தலைப் பேடை வரி நிழல் அகவும்
இவ் ஊர் மங்கையர்த் தொகுத்து, இனி
எவ் ஊர் நின்றன்று மகிழ்ந! நின் தேரே?
Like the cock with its small head
which called for the hens from shady place,
you gathered women of this town
in festival of Indra.
Now towards which town
is your chariot proceeding,
so that you can have more pleasure?
Poet:Orampoki
Translated by me
This poem is uttered by the wife to her husband. This show that Indra Vizha was a popular hunting ground for men to covet lovely young maidens and courtesans.
We will now proceed to best discription of Indra Vizha in Tamil Literature.
The following are excerpts from Indra Vizha chapter from Puhar Kandam in Silapathikaram.
“இளவேனிலும் மலயத் தென்றலும் உலவும் வீதி”
காதல் கொழுநனைப் பிரிந்து அலர் எய்தா
மாதர்க் கொடுங் குழை மாதவி-தன்னோடு
இல் வளர் முல்லை, மல்லிகை, மயிலை,
தாழிக் குவளை, சூழ் செங்கழுநீர்,
பயில் பூங் கோதைப் பிணையலின் பொலிந்து,
காமக் களி மகிழ்வு எய்தி, காமர்
பூம் பொதி நறு விரைப் பொழில் ஆட்டு அமர்ந்து,
நாள் மகிழ் இருக்கை நாள்-அங்காடியில்
பூ மலி கானத்துப் புது மணம் புக்கு,
புகையும் சாந்தும் புலராது சிறந்து,
நகை ஆடு ஆயத்து நல் மொழி திளைத்து,
குரல் வாய்ப் பாணரொடு, நகரப் பரத்தரொடு,
திரிதரு மரபின் கோவலன் போல,
இளி வாய் வண்டினொடு, இன் இளவேனிலொடு,
மலய மாருதம் திரிதரு மறுகில்-
Charmed by the sight of lover’s rapture, the breeze wandered through gardens of delight faintly scented by tender buds too shy to open yet; it roamed through the market noisy with frolic, where it gathered the perfumes of incense and sandal paste and entwining itself with laughter of lovers, it scattered their secrets as it passed. Gently warmed by the young summer, it kept company with wandering bees, whose murmur resemble the illi, the fifth note of the harp. And like the breeze, singers, oboe players, and companions expert seeking adventure.
“வீதியில் உலவும் பரத்தையரை ஆடவர் புகழ்தல்”
கரு முகில் சுமந்து, குறு முயல் ஒழித்து-ஆங்கு,
இரு கருங் கயலொடு இடைக் குமிழ் எழுதி,
அம் கண் வானத்து அரவுப் பகை அஞ்சி,
திங்களும் ஈண்டுத் திரிதலும் உண்டுகொல்!-
One of the young men thus celebrated his beloved lady:
“ The Moon, in fear of Rahu, monster who
devours her on the days of her eclipse,
fled from the sky in search of shelter.
framed in the dark clouds of you hair,
she reappeared then as your pallid face.
she chased away the hairs from your fair cheeks,
painted two soot- black fish- shaped eyes,
and in the middle placed kumil flower,
that since then passes for your pretty nose.”
நீர் வாய் திங்கள் நீள் நிலத்து அமுதின்
சீர் வாய் துவலைத் திரு நீர் மாந்தி,
மீன் ஏற்றுக் கொடியோன், மெய் பெற, வளர்த்த,
வான-வல்லி வருதலும் உண்டுகொல்!
Another lover sang to his love:
“You are a lighting-flash, born in the sky,
that Eros, a fish upon his pennant, hurled
when he descended on this earth in search
of his annihilated body, drinking all the nectar
that the pale Moon distills us drop by drop.”
‘Chitra Pournami – was supposed to have been the Valentine’s day as
per Ancient Tamil Culture – followed with Indira Vizha!
It was rather Valentine’s month till next Pounrnami! Greeks
present in such functions carried this custom to their country and
then spread to France and thus Feb 14th.. !
‘The festival usually commenced with a group beating drums and
announcing to the people the start of the celebrations. The citizens of
the town then cleaned the streets and roads and redecorate the city,
with each house being adorned with many decorations. The officials of
the kingdom would pay their respects to the king and wish him and the
kingdom well. Musical performances would be held and the fire oblations
offered in many temples for Siva, Vishnu and other deities. The festival
ended with people bathing in the sea with the members of the family. It
was generally believed that this festival was actually a prayer to
Indra, and would remove the difficulties and dangers to those who
celebrate it. “
Who Started the Indira Vizha.
‘
Mahabharata says it was started by Uparichara Vasu. The life story of Uparichara Vasu itself is interesting. He was given an aeroplane and a garland of never fading lotus flowers by Indra. He married Girika but he was asked to go to a forest where his seed (semen) fell at the thought of his wife. It was devoured by a fish and Matsya (satyavati) was born to the fish. Each one of his sons started a separate dynasty in India. He was credited with some engineering feats such as breaking down a hill to create a new river (Please read my post GREAT ENGINEERS OF ANCIENT INDIA).
Jain scriptures link Indra festival with Rishabadeva, the first Thirthankara. Tamil epic Silappadikaram (Kathai 5) says that one choza king Thungeyil Erintha Thodithot Sembiyan started this festival. Both may be correct if we take one started it in the north and another started in the south of India. Interestingly Chozas themselves claimed that their ancestors ruled north India. All their ancestors were mythological characters mentioned in Mahabharata and Ramayana. The very word Sembiyan came from Sibi Chakravarthy of the famous pigeon story (Sibi=Saibya=Sembiya). The story of Sibi is in Sangam Tamil literature, Pancha Tantra and Tamil epic Silappadikaram.
The details of the celebrations were given in Silappadikaram (5: 141-4) and Manimekalai (1:27-72, 2:1-3, 1:1-9, 24: 62-69, 25: 175-200). The drummer will announce that the festival began and then people will assemble to hoist the Indra Dwaja (Banner). The whole town wore a festive look with lot of decorations. Indra was bathed with holy water. It started on a full moon day in Chitra month (coinciding with April). Other deities were also decorated. Dance and Music were the highlights.
According to Maimekalai, Agastya asked the Sembian (Choza) king to start this festval. In Nepal, it is celebrated in September. In Tamil Nadu, the festival Bogi, celebrated on the eve of Makarasanranti/ Pongal also linked with Indra. Bogi itself means Indra.
Indira Vizha in Nepal.
The rare coincidence between the Tamils and the Nepalese is that both of them install a pole and hoist the Indra flag. In Nepal it is celebrated for 8 days but in Tamil Nadu it was celebrated for 28 days.
Yenya, Nepl Indir vizha.
Indra Jātrā as it is most commonly known or Yenyā (Nepal Bhasa: येँयाः) is the biggest religious street festival in Kathmandu, Nepal. Yenya means “Kathmandu festival” in Nepal Bhasa. The celebrations consist of two events. Indra Jātrā is marked by masked dances of deities and demons, displays of sacred images and tableaus in honor of the deity Indra, the king of heaven. The other event isKumāri Jātrā, the chariot procession of the living goddess Kumari.
Family members deceased in the past year are also remembered during the festival. The main venue of the festivities is Kathmandu Durbar Square. The celebrations last for eight days from the 12th day of the bright fortnight to the 4th day of the dark fortnight ofYanlā (ञला), the eleventh month in the lunar Nepal Era calendar.
Indra Jatra was started by King Gunakamadeva(गुणकामदेव) to commemorate the founding of the city of Kathmandu in the 10th century. Kumari Jatra began in the mid-18th century. The celebrations are held according to the lunar calendar, so the dates are changeable. The 2016 date is September 27.
The Universe, which includes us, Is, because of vibrations and Sound.
interstellar Sound
It is constantly in Motion and motion creates sound( or is it the other way around?)
And apart from the above facts mentioned by Hindu Texts, they also mention that what is is in the Macrocosm is in the Microcosm, that is what is found in the biggest objects in the Universe is also found in the minutest things/organisms in the Universe.
Universe is made of Five elements,Earth, Water,Fire, Air and Ether(Aakasa)
Surya, son God
So are we.
What happens in the Universe also happens in/to us.
The Vibration of the Universe is recorded.
I have written on on OM , the sacred Mantra of Hindus, which can be chanted by any one, how it originates in the Human Body, how the breath of Earth is identical to OM ., and how Om throws up the image of Sri Yantra, a practice of worshiping through geometric shapes, on screen when used by a tonoscope.
The sound generated by Sun is OM.
Watch the video.
‘
Our Sun lies 93,000,000 miles away, surrounded by the vacuum of space. Sound won’t travel through space, of course. But with the right instrument, scientists can “hear” pulsations from the Sun.
The entire Sun vibrates from a complex pattern of acoustical waves, much like a bell. If your eyes were sharp enough, you could see a bell’s surface jiggle in complex patterns as the waves bounced around within it.
Likewise, astronomers at Stanford University can record acoustical pressure waves in the Sun by carefully tracking movements on the Sun’s surface. To do this, they use an instrument called a Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), mounted on the SOHO spacecraft, circling the Sun 1,000,000 miles from Earth.
The Sun’s acoustical waves bounce from one side of the Sun to the other in about two hours, causing the Sun’s surface to oscillate, or wiggle up and down. Because these sound waves travel underneath the Sun’s surface, they are influenced by conditions inside the Sun. So scientists can use the oscillations to learn more about how the structure of the Sun’s interior shapes its surface.
The Sun’s sound waves are normally at frequencies too low for the human ear to hear. To be able to hear them, the scientists sped up the waves 42,000 times — and compressed 40 days of vibrations into a few seconds. What you’ll be hearing are just a few dozen of the 10 million resonances echoing inside the Sun.
A well preserved Mummy of an Iceman was found in Otzi Alps, Italian-Austrian Alps about twenty five years ago.
Ötzi the Iceman, now housed at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, ItalyNaturalistic reconstruction of Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology
Scientists and Archaeologists dated the mummy ,
‘ around 3,300 BCE, more precisely between 3359 and 3105 BCE, with a 66 percent chance that he died between 3239 and 3105 BCE’.
{ Consider the facts.Rama’s Empire covered the present Italy/Austria.
The Mitanni Empire covered what is now known as Iraq, Turkey Syria, Lebanon,Egypt and included Italy.
They were the ancestors of these people.
Mitanni were the ancestors of the Egyptians as well.
“The first Mitanni king was Sutarna I (good sun). He was followed by Baratarna I (or Paratarna great sun), Parasuksatra(ruler with axe),…. Saustatar (Sauksatra, son of Suksatra, the good ruler), Artadama (abiding in cosmic law)..Tushratta (Dasaratha), and finally Matiwazza (Mativaja, whose wealth is thought) during whose lifetime the Mitanni state appears to have become a vassal to Assyria”. Subhash Kak traces the ‘arna’ syllable in the names of the kings to ‘araNi’ (अरणि) meaning ‘sun’
the term yavana denoted an Ionian Greek”.(3) On pages 83–5 she makes mention of early Indian literature where foreigners were dubbed “yavana”, and points to an Asokan inscription where a border-people is given this appellation. In central and western India, she says, Yavana “figure prominently as donors to the Buddhist Sangha”.
Considering these facts it is not surprising to find the name Sharada , called as Sarda in Sardinia, Italy.
Please read my other articles on Sanatana Dharma Mittani, Sumerian, Minoan, and other ancient civilizations like Mayas and Incas.
And Immigration of world population from India.
The sounds reproduced by the scientists of The Otzi Mummy sound closer to Indian languages , more like a Dravidian language, when on hears the pronunciation of long sounds, AA, EE, AE”
Taking into account the archaeological etymological and historical eveidence one may safely say that this Otzi Mummy Find corroborates the theory that Hindus were spread throughout the world and the Religion was Sanatana Dharma.
‘Scientists hailing from Bolzano’s General Hospital, Italy, used CT scans to produce a model of the ice mummy’s mouth, throat, and vocal cords. This allowed them to create a digital reconstruction—or the “best possible approximation”—of Otzi’s voice….
‘ The mummy was found in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps, hence the nickname “Ötzi”, near the Similaun mountain and Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.He is Europe’s oldest known natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic Europeans. His body and belongings are displayed in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy….
“We can’t say we have reconstructed Otzi’s original voice, because we miss some crucial information from the mummy,” Rolando Fustos, the study’s lead researcher, explained to Rossella Lorenzi from Discovery News.
“But with two measurements, the length of both the vocal tract and the vocal cords, we have been able to recreate a fairly reliable approximation of the mummy’s voice. This is a starting point for further research.”
He added: “The vocal cords are the source of the vocal sound, but the main contribution to it is given by the selective filtering accomplished by the vocal tract configuration.”
“Of course, we don’t know what language he spoke 5,000 years ago,” said fellow researcher Francesco Avanzini. “But we should be able to recreate the timbre of his vowel sounds and, I hope, even create simulation of consonants.”
Reconstructing those vowel sounds presented its own set of challenges. Because MRI scans would have caused Otzi damage, the team opted to use CT scans. Unfortunately, CT scans could only measure the mummy’s internal structure.
Also adding unnecessary complications was Otzi’s position when he died.
“We had to deal with Otzi’s position, whose arm is covering his throat,” stated Avanzini. “For our project this is the worst position you can imagine. Moreover, the hyoid bone—or tongue-bone—was party absorbed and dislocated.”
The scientists used special software to digitally maneuver Otzi’s arm away from his throat, as well as erect his skull. This allowed them to create a model of the vocal tract’s entire physical structure.
According to researcher Piero Cosi, the team also used mathematical models, and software that “simulates the way the vocal tract works,” to reconstruct information about the throat tissue’s composition and thickness, and the vocal cords’ density and tension.
The combined data convinced them that the frequency of Otzi’s voice was between 100 and 150 Hz—not too different from the average modern male.
The team presented the vocalizations at a congress—commemorating the discovery of Otzi in South Tyrol’s Otztal Alps 25 years ago—held at the European Research Academy (EURAC) Institute for Mummies and the Iceman located in Bolzano.
“This is a new, interesting aspect on Otzi’s research that deserves to be taken into consideration for further research,” stated the EURAC Institute for Mummies and the Iceman director, Albert Zink.
Genetic analysis
Ötzi’s full genome has been sequenced; the report on this was published on 28 February 2012.The Y-DNA of Ötzi belongs to asubclade of G defined by the SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former “G2a4”). He was not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91. G-L91 is now mostly found in South Corsica.
Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi. Multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman’s mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution among modern data sets.
By autosomal DNA, Ötzi is most closely related to southern Europeans, especially to geographically isolated populations like Corsicans and Sardinians.
DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of atherosclerosis and lactose intolerance, with the presence of the DNA sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi, possibly making him the earliest known human with Lyme disease. A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a different Borrelia species.
A 2012 paper by paleoanthropologist John Hawks suggests that Ötzi had a higher degree of Neanderthal ancestry than modern Europeans.
In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern Tyrolean men were related to Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at Innsbruck Medical University had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 who shared a particular genetic mutation with the 5,300-year-old man.
Blood
In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact blood cells. These are the oldest complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi’s have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resembled a modern-day sample.
H. pylori analysis
In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the gastrointestinal tract of Ötzi to analyze the origins of the Helicobacter pylori in his gut.[The H. pylori strain found in his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South Asian and Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in modern European populations. The strain found in Ötzi’s gut is most similar to three modern individuals from Northern India; the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian straince
When one goes through the History of ancient India in detail by checking up various texts in all the languages o India, especially the ancient ones like Sanskrit and Tamil one finds that they corroborate each other.
Tamils, an ancient people of India, though followers of Hinduism have a distinct identity o their own and have influenced the practices of Sanatana Dharma to such an extent that some Vedic practices have been modified by the Rishis and these practices are being followed by the people from the South of Vindhyas.
Kumari Kandam ,The Sunken Continent
The Rishi was Apasthamba and the wearing of Mangal Sutra was introduced from the Tamil Culture to Vedic Marriages.
Through the canards of Aryan Invasion and the myth that Tamils were against Sanskrit and Sanatana Dharma, facts point to the act that each support and corroborate the other.
Please read my articles on these subjects.
While the reference to Lord Subrahmanya as Skanda in Vedas is sketchy the Tamils worship Murugan, name meaning unsurpassed Beauty, was carried to such heights that he is credited with Lord Shiva and Sage Agastya as the founder of the Tamil Language.
His six special temples called Arupadai Veedu, Six houses wich show the correct Path are in Tamil Nadu.
One of these is in Tiruchendur in Tamil Nadu on the eastern coast.
He is reported to have won Sura Padma and killed him from here.
Note that Kumarikandam lies in that area.
‘In the 19th century, a section of the European and American scholars speculated the existence of a submerged continent calledLemuria, to explain geological and other similarities between Africa, India and Madagascar. A section of Tamil revivalists adapted this theory, connecting it to the Pandyan legends of lands lost to the ocean, as described in ancient Tamil and Sanskrit literature. According to these writers, an ancient Tamil civilization existed on Lemuria, before it was lost to the sea in a catastrophe. In the 20th century, the Tamil writers started using the name “Kumari Kandam” to describe this submerged continent. Although the Lemuria theory was later rendered obsolete by the continental drift (plate tectonics) theory, the concept remained popular among the Tamil revivalists of the 20th century. According to them, Kumari Kandam was the place where the first two Tamil literary academies (sangams) were organized during the Pandyan reign. They claimed Kumari Kandam as the cradle of civilization to prove the antiquity of Tamil language and culture.”
Kumari Kandam is detailed in ancient Tamil Literature in detail, including the Cilappadikaram and Manimekalai.
They record that, as the Sangam Literature does, that the Kumarikandam was destroyed by a Tsunami.
Kumarikandam is proved.
Please check my articles on this.
Skanda Purana deals with Lord Subrahmanya’s birth and exploits.
This also mentions Kumrikandam thus.
‘”Within Bhārata-varṣa, there are nine khaṇḍas. They are known as (1) Aindra, (2) Kaśeru, (3) Tāmraparṇa, (4) Gabhastimat, (5) Kumārikā, (6) Nāga, (7) Saumya, (8) Vāruṇa and (9) Gāndharva.”
People from all over the universe, including the seven islands, the nine khaṇḍas, the planets of the demigods, Gandharvaloka and Kinnaraloka, would go there in the forms of human beings.
For an explanation of sapta-dvīpa, see Madhya-līlā, Chapter Twenty, verse 218, and Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam, Fifth Canto, Chapters Sixteen and Twenty. In the Siddhānta-śiromaṇi, Chapter One (Golādhyāya), in the Bhuvana-kośa section, the nine khaṇḍas are mentioned as follows:
aindraṁ kaśeru sakalaṁ kila tāmraparṇam
anyad gabhastimad ataś ca kumārikākhyam
nāgaṁ ca saumyam iha vāruṇam antya-khaṇḍaṁ
gāndharva-saṁjñam iti bhārata-varṣa-madhye,’
‘Kumari Kandam is described as the kingdom of the Earth in theAndakosappadalam section of Kanda Puranam.’
Aindram a Grammatical work of the early Tamils was destroyed.
This might be from the land mass Aindra.
Tamraparnam might mean the early Tamisl 47 Kingdoms.
River Tamraparni still flows in Thirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu.
This river lowed, in earlier times to further south and joined the sea in Kumarikndam as the now defunct ancient River Pahruli.
